Monday, September 30, 2019

Formal Outline Essay

INTRODUCTION Attention material: The world stopped getting warmer almost 16 years ago, according to new data released last week. The figures, which have triggered debate among climate scientists, reveal that from the beginning of 1997 until August 2012, there was no discernible rise in aggregate global temperatures. This means that the plateau or pause in global warming has now lasted for about the same time as the previous period when temperatures rose, 1980 to 1996. Before that, temperatures had been stable or declining for about 40 years. Credibility material: The current cycle of global warming is changing the rhythms of climate that all living things have come to rely upon. What will we do to slow this warming? How will we cope with the changes we’ve already set into motion? While we struggle to figure it all out, the face of the Earth, as we know it—coasts, forests, farms, and snowcapped mountains—hangs in the balance. Thesis statement: Today I want to share what I†™ve learned about global warming and it’s causes. Preview: We need to consider causes, effects and dangers of global warming. (Transition: Let’s begin by understanding more about global warming.) BODY I. The Earth is warming and human activity is the primary cause. A. U.S. scientists said in the media January 19, 2012, about the influence of mankind on the state of global warming has increased from 18% to 51%. B. The primary way humans cause global warming is by burning fossil fuels. 1. When we drive or fly. 2. When we eat meat and Exotic Foods. 3. When we use electricity. 4. When You Move Into A New Development. (Transition: Now, from this it becomes clear why humans are the main cause of global warming, let’s examine its major effects) II. Global Warming effect information. A. The planet is warming, from North Pole to South Pole, and everywhere in between. Globally, the mercury is already up more than 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.8 degree Celsius), and even more in sensitive polar regions. B. Some impacts from increasing temperatures are already happening. 1. Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earth’s poles. This includes mountain glaciers, ice sheets covering West Antarctica and Greenland, and Arctic sea ice. 2. Researcher Bill Fraser has tracked the decline of the Adà ©lie penguins on Antarctica, where their numbers have fallen from 32,000 breeding pairs to 11,000 in 30 years. 3. Sea level rise became faster over the last century. 4. Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants have moved farther north or to higher, cooler areas. 5. Precipitation (rain and snowfall) has increased across the globe, on average. 6. Spruce bark beetles have boomed in Alaska thanks to 20 years of warm summers. The insects have chewed up 4 million acres of spruce trees. C. Other effects could happen later this century, if warming continues. 1. Sea levels are expected to rise between 7 and 23 inches (18 and 59 centimeters) by the end of the century, and continued melting at the poles could add between 4 and 8 inches (10 to 20 centimeters). 2. Floods and droughts will become more common. Rainfall in Ethiopia, where droughts are already common, could decline by 10 percent over the next 50 years. (Transition: So now, we know about global warming effects, let’s see our future†¦and how we can fix it!?) III. Predicted Effects and Impacts of Global Warming. A. Future effects about global warming. 1. Increased spread of infectious diseases: â€Å"an increase in the number of people exposed to vector borne diseases (e.g. cholera) and an increase in heat stress mortality.† 2. Degraded water quality: â€Å"Projected climate change will tend to degrade water quality through higher water temperatures and increased pollutant load from runoff and overflows of waste facilities.† 3. More frequent and more intense heat waves, droughts, and tropical cyclones. B. Some basic predictions of global warming. 1. Global mean temperature should increase by between 1.4 and 5.8 C (2.5 to 10 F). 2. The sea level should rise by between 9 and 88 cm (3.5†³ to 35†³). (Transition: Finally, I want to tell you about the solution of this huge problem.) IV. Solutions to Global Warming. A. There is no single solution to global warming. 1. Boosting energy efficiency. 2. Greening transportation. 3. Revving up renewables 4. Phasing out fossil fuel electricityManaging forests and agriculture 5.Exploring nuclear 6.Developing and deploying new low-carbon and zero-carbon technologies. 7. Ensuring sustainable development CONCLUSION Summary statement: Some impacts—such as record high temperatures, melting glaciers, and severe flooding and droughts—are already becoming increasingly common across the country and around the world. However, there is much we can do to protect the health and economic well-being of current and future generations from the consequences of the heat-trapping emissions caused when we burn coal, oil, and gas to generate electricity, drive our cars, and fuel our businesses. Concluding remarks: Since 1880 the world has warmed by 0.75 degrees Celsius.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Childcare Cache Level 3 Unit 1

Unit 1 An introduction to working with children E1 and E2 Statutory Statutory is funded by local and central government. It is free for children to go and schools are compulsory, so children have to go. Hucklow primary school is for children aged 4-11. It follows the national curriculum. The school hours are from 8:45 to 3:00pm. They help children that need additional learning and extra tuition in English and Maths so that they can achieve the best they can do. They have a playground for the children to play. They have equipment out at break and lunch times for children to be imaginative and creative with the equipment.They promote healthy eating by cooking their own food. They have a range of after school clubs. The school will educate the children. It allows the parents to go to work. The parents know that they are in a safe place. Voluntary Voluntary services are often funded by charities. At Longley 4G community centre people can volunteer. They get the money from charities. Ther e is a play group called Longley little ones where carers with children under 5 years. It is every Monday. It is ? 1 per family. There are toys for them to play with like slides, sand trays, play dough and much more. There are healthy snacks and hot drinks for the adults. Related essay: Childcare Level 2, Unit 1 AssignmentThey also have the Longley wrigglers for carers with new born babies to pre-walkers and pregnant families, on a Wednesday. Older siblings can come along too. There are other activities like sports activities, rounder’s and football for 8-16 years old and Zumba and Street Dance. It brings the community together. The parents can help each other. The parent can make friends with the other parents. Private They are profit making organisations. Monkey business it is a huge play area for children aged 0-12 years old. It has two areas, one for over 5’s and one for under 4’s. The over 5’s is a huge place for kids to play in.In the under 4’s there is soft toys for them to play with. It got a ball pool for the kids. It is open all week from 9:30- 6/7pm. The parents can relax as they know the children are in a safe place. The parents can catch up with their friends. E3 The United Nations Convention on the Righ ts of the Child. UNCRC. 1989. This legislation is an international treaty which almost every country in the world has signed. Children and young people under 18 years the UNCRC applies to them. In this legislation children have the right to be with their families that will care for them or someone who will be best to care for them.They have a right to clean water and food. A fairly good standard to live in. They have right to health care. They have the right to play. They have a right not to be hurt and neglected, to be kept safe. They have a right not to be used as cheap workers and disabled children have the right to special care and training. Children’s Act 1989. The Children’s Act 1989 gives all children the right to survive, to achieve the best they can do, to be protected from any abuse, to take part in the family culture and the social life of the family, to have their views taken seriously, play and rest, to enjoy the leisure’s they have.The Childrenâ₠¬â„¢s Act was developed in 2004 when the five outcomes in the Every Child Matters (ECM) legislation for every child in the UK. The Children’s Act was also upgraded in 2006, where local authorities had to improve the outcomes of all the children that are under 5 years. Help the people with the poorest outcomes to make sure the services are available. The local authorities to make sure the needs of working parents especially the ones with disabled children and people on low incomes are met. Every Child Matters. Every Child Matters is connected to The Children’s Act 2004.It was set out improve the way they work with children and young adults. It is so that they can grow up to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, making a positive contribution and achieving economic wellbeing. E4 There are loads of principles and values that are there when working with children. There are five outcomes they are being healthy, staying safe, enjoy and achieve, making a positive contribu tion and achieving economic wellbeing. Every Child Matters is a programme that has changed how the children’s services ran. It helped them resolve problems earlier in life before it got more serious.The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) it helps children get ready for school. The children are taught the basic skills. It helps them with their communication, social and emotional, physical and personal development. They have a progress check at the age of two so the children will get additional support before they start school. The new framework uses clear language. It strengthens partnership with the professionals and the parents. E5 You can value and respect the children by smiling at them, saying hello when they come in, talking to the parents about them.Getting stuff for them that they may want, letting them go and play. Helping them when they need it, talking to them and helping them to get ready for things like painting, going outside and getting ready to leave. All this will make them feel equal to everyone else as they will see that you are helping them and others. They will feel more confident in what they are doing as they will know they are doing is right or they will ask if you are stuck and when you get more confident they will get more self-esteem when you praise them for doing good.They will also feel more valued when you are doing something with the children. E6 Caring is an important skill when working with children because it shows that you are approachable as they will come to you easily. You are gentle and kind, you are considerate e. g. feelings and that you are thoughtful. Another important skill is communication. There are four different types of communication that are useful with working with children, they are verbal, body, written and sign. This will develop their communication skills for now and later in life.Being and effective team player can help your work with children as you can support each other, you can share ideas and listen to others, you will support the children and it teacher’s children to be a good team player. E7 There are lots of study skills that you can do to support your learning. There are different types of learning styles. There is visual learner where they see and watch something to help them learn, they see pictures in their heads as a demonstration, and they will recognise faces better than names. Auditory learner is someone that is good at speaking and listening.They talk about what they are writing. It is unusual for them to notes. Kinaesthetic learner are people that learn by doing things like practical lessons, they are not really that organised. I am a read and write person, that means handouts are better for me to learn, from the information I have, I take notes and put it into my own words. To help you with your learning you need to use time management. This is when you use a calendar, diary or planner so that you know what assignments need to be completed. You need to manage time the time to achieve the task you have planned.You could put this in the order of importance like which assignment you need to hand in first. You could also make lists, ask others to help you, make target that are sensible and that you are honest with you and others. Another form of study skills is doing your own research. This is quite important. You could use all the research that is available to you like books and the internet. The library is the best place for research as it has got all the stuff you needs that will help you like books, reference books, videos, DVD and the internet.There is other information you may need that is in the library that can help you with your study. Evaluation is a study skill you will learn over time as when you observe or read about your own words you will need to evaluate this. You would need to analyse the information, them come to a good conclusion that you can state. This is difficult for some people but it gets easier soon enough D1 Practitioners should develop and maintain a appropriate relationship with the parents of the children and other professionals you work with because the parents need to trust you to look after their child and if you don’t use ppropriate relationship, the parent may not trust you with their child. You will need to be aware of your roles and responsibilities when working with children. Relationships are important with parents. This will benefit the children. The parents know their child the best and they understand them more than anyone else. The parents will feel more valued and more involved with their child. The practitioner must work in a professional way so that the needs and welfare of the child are the best. When doing this the children will learn about good relationships.The other colleagues and you need to feel supported. With the parents, they have rights to make choices about their child and any decisions concerning with their child’s education. So when you have daily contact with the parents you show a professional impression on yourself and the job you are doing. You should also keep parents involved about their child’s activities they are doing and you should try and encourage the parents to contribute in their child’s learning. D2 A multi-agency team are people from different jobs that come together to support the children and their families. It is essential that everyone working with children and their families communicates well and understands their roles and responsibilities’ (child care and education, Tassoni P). The people who work alongside each other to support the children and their families are childminder, nanny, teachers, health visitors, speech and language therapist, childcare advisers, social workers, play workers, portage workers, occupational therapists, dieticians, specialist teachers, outreach workers, nursery nurses, nurses and doctors, members of a voluntary organisations, polices (welfare officers) and child protection officer.It’s getting people together to help the children in need it makes sure that everyone is around for the child. They are there for the benefit of the children. It improves communication with everyone involved as everybody will know what the others are doing. It keeps it focus on the child or young person at all time. It will improve the information sharing in the team. It makes accessing support easier for the children and their families. It will help children’s progress develop more. They will share information to each other to help and support the children. It will put the parents of the children in touch with the right people.The common assessment will see if the child any help with something. They give children all round needs support. They will make sure children can talk to the professionals about their problems in a comfortable setting. Re-submission C We should listen to children’s views and value their opinions bec ause it is their learning. They will feel more respected and feel equal to the other children because they know that you care what they are thinking. The children’s confidence and their self-esteem will grow.The children are all individual and they all learn in different ways and at different speed. Listening to the children will fit the education around the needs of the children. The children know how they learn best and they feel more appreciated when you listen to them. B Practitioners need to understand the limits and boundaries when working with children. They need to understand that they need to follow the policies and procedures when in a work place like the health and safety. Partnership with parents or carers is key because they know their child best and you need to respect their views.Safeguarding is important so that all practitioners should have a valid criminal record bureau (CRB) when they are working with children. This will ensure the safety and welfare of the child. You should always keep information you have learned about a child confidential as they could be in danger or hiding away from someone. This can be broken if the welfare of the child is at risk. If information is shared on a need to know basis is should be within work. For early years practitioners should and must work is that will recognise and the respond to the human rights of all children everywhere, no matter who they are.The Children’s Act 2004 made ‘Every Child Matters’ the law so every practitioners have to follow it and the five outcomes . All employees have the responsibilities to care for the children. The welfare of the child is the most important thing. You should always contribute to the children’s care, learning and development. Re-submission A A child central approach is when they have the freedom to choose what they want to do. It gives them the experience, to explore and to ask questions about what they have found. ‘All pract ice with children needs to be centred upon the needs and interests of each child’. child care and education, Tassoni, P). ’With the child at the centre, taking into account the perspective of the child’. (child care and education, Beaver, M). It makes sure that the child is put first before anything and anyone else. The school education system to fit the child need of the child around the child as every child learns in their own pace and learns in different ways. It is helping the children develop more in their education. Every child is individual, no child is the same and child central approach supports that of the child.This it focus on the child and nothing else so that the child’s wellbeing and interests are at the centre of all the practice. This will help in the child’s confidence and esteem in themselves. The children learn best when they are doing an activity. When planning an activity you need to make sure it is child centred and from prev ious experience so the child will develop more. E8 References and bibliography Beaver, M (2008). Child Care and Education. Cheltenham: Thornes, N. P543. Tassoni, P (2007). Child Care and Education. Essex: Heinemann. P11 and p234.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Absorb well all themes and only after that choose a title and start Term Paper

Absorb well all themes and only after that choose a title and start writing the - Term Paper Example This paper will look at trade components while discussing trade measures and commodities, tariff and non-tariff barriers, export taxes, quantitative measures, subsidies, consumption taxes, the impact of trade measures on supply and demand and prices, obstacles to reform of agricultural trade through WTO and raw materials. New trade measures have been documented, influencing almost 0.9% of universe imports and 1.1% of G-20 commodities imports from 2011 in the middle of October. The foremost trade measures include customs controls, trade remedy actions, import licenses, and tariff enhancements. There have been less new export measures introduced over the past months than in prior times. The most current upsurge of trade measure seems to attempt to inspire recovery via national industrial scheduling instead of dealing with the short-term impacts of the world crisis, which is a long-standing issue. In addition, the amassing of trade measures has to be deliberated where the distortions and stock of trade measures that persisted prior to the global financial turmoil are still in existence (Shah 1). Finally, trade measures have both negative and positive effects on commodities. Tariffs refer to taxes imposed on imports on products into a region or country. Tariffs enhance earnings to companies and dealers of resources to local companies that are competing with external importers and supply income for the governments. Tariff barriers refer to taxes enforced on commodities which adequately create an impediment to trade; nonetheless, this is not the ultimate responsibility of enforcing tariffs. Tariff barriers are also referred to as import restraints. This is because they reduce the quantity of commodities which can be brought into a region or country. In addition, non-tariff barriers are an alternative means for a country or region to regulate the amount of trading activities that it does with a

Friday, September 27, 2019

Internatioanl Logistics - Monitoring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internatioanl Logistics - Monitoring - Essay Example International suppliers more so should be monitored with a not of keenness considering the distance that may separate the two businesses and the logistics involved in making cross border transactions. The importance of monitoring supplier activities is to ensure the timely detection and correction of faults that may arise in the course of doing business. Based on the performance of the supplier, the business is in a better position to make good and timely decisions and so avoid unpleasant surprises. The monitoring of performance and identification of areas likely to be faced with problems can improve the efficiency of a supply chain. Efficient supplier monitoring also involves aspects such as costs, quality, performance assessment, social responsibility, timeliness of deliveries as well as business-supplier relationship. For efficient international supplier monitoring, there is need for the use of real-time information, visiting steady reaction sites, accurate reports of situation an d constant client accessibility. These monitoring services help in resource optimization, review of supplier achievement as well as future decision making. Cost control One of the key factors that determine the success of a business is cost of suppliers. As the organization does business with an international supplier, it really needs to closely monitor global trends in the cost of related products, foreign exchange rates and airfreight costs. The business needs to get updated with packaging, transport, and unloading related costs. Transportation cost is a core issue in the cost of logistics. For this reason continuous monitoring of transport activities is a major concern of businesses. In monitoring transportation, the company may consider monitored related risks in terms of delay risk and safety. Delay risk involves the use of departure, transfer and destination points as well as real time data and transport time as inputs in calculating and warning of a delay. However with the im proved technology there are better methods of monitoring logistic information. Essentially, the suppliers costs of packaging, transportation and unloading should be reasonable and sensitive to the needs of the business. Relationship with Supplier An organization needs to maintain a good relationship with its suppliers. Establishing and maintaining positive relationships will in effect financially benefit both parties. The company has its responsibilities when it comes to dealing with suppliers such as making prompt payments and promptly submitting complaints and claims in the event of damages. In order to maintain a positive relationship with international suppliers, the business may consider meeting their contacts face to face with an aim of seeing how their activities are carried out as noted by Business Link (2011). The suppliers should also be contacted regularly and updated with strategic changes promptly so that they may also adapt to such changes. Better deals may come in the way of the business if it maintains a healthy rapport with a supplier and becomes one of its important customers (Business Link 2011). Quality control The products and services that suppliers provide to a business greatly impacts its performance in the market. This being the case, the business should ensure that its suppliers deliver quality services and products. Monitoring the

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Diversity and Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Diversity and Human Resource - Essay Example The challenge to remain competitive in the current global markets has forced many organizations to change their views on managing the diversity of their workforce. Not only is the diversification of the workforce unavoidable but it has also become essential to tap into the competitive market of talent in the world today for any organization to remain competitive. (Cross, 1994, 110-114) The main reason why diversity should be seen as different function rather than part of human resource is because The definition of diversity among people can be generally defined as the differences between people, physical and psychological. This includes all demographic and cultural differences like age, gender, race, culture, religion, ethnicity, disabilities, personal beliefs, family structure and lifestyle, paying little attention to work skills. (Morrison, 1992, 42-48) This is however not in any way comprehensive, as diversity among people is practically limitless and is constantly evolving with time and the global environment. Outstanding differences are obvious like race and age but some can be difficult to identify especially perceived differences, which vary based on experiences and relationships like lifestyle and personality. (Ellis, 1994, 79-110) Valuing diversity is an important element in organisations today and managing diversity is vital for success. ... Why is diversity becoming an important issue Previously, the diversity of an organization's workforce has mainly been due to legal compliance as in many countries, there are laws against discrimination. However, globalization of the world markets including the employment market is causing dramatic change in the way businesses are run. (Ellis, 1994, 79-110) Globalizations means new open markets with new customers which requires products or services that are suited for these markets. It also means new type of employment market which is extremely diverse. Limiting factors like geography are becoming less an issue as technology advances in travel and communication makes the world increasingly accessible. Diversity is becoming an unavoidable issue that must be addressed if the organization is to successfully adapt to these changes. Organizational goals of diversity today include creation of positive organizational culture and deriving economic value from diversity (Hellriegel 1999 ). In recent years, the field of Human Resource Management has moved to consider not only micro but also macro relationships. The micro focus, evolving from industrial psychology, emphasized human resource policies and their influence on individuals. This focus was concerned exclusively with such outcomes as job satisfaction and employee participation. The macro focus shifts the level of analysis from the individual to the organization. Diversity Orientation: Configurational View Diversity becomes significant organizational objective and diversity management becomes particularly salient because of the natural tendency toward homogeneity in

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

World Travel Services Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World Travel Services - Assignment Example It guides the employers internally as well as helps raise capitals from external audiences. Debelak (2000) claims that marketing plan is a significant part of a business plan. It includes information about services, prices, and products. One needs to know how the main competitors are fairing because they constantly keep coming up with new strategies to attract customers. One should also consider key government policies that can affect the operational of a business when coming up with a marketing plan. Information Source of data Time Measurable information, like how to increase customers. observation Period of one year. Accessible, for example, distributing your products or services to other regions web search Within a period of 2 years. Distinguishable information, like looking at key competitors strong and weak points Internal data Within a period of I year Relevant, information in terms of developing marketing mix for each segment chosen. Surveys and questionnaires Within a period of 6 months Feasible, approaches for each segment with specific marketing program. Surveys and questionnaires Within in a period of one year Debelak (2000) claims that, market analysis comes in handy after coming up with a market plan. For example, it outlines business objectives, like increasing customers from 5 percent to 10 percent during the year. When it comes to market analysis, the world travel services may decide to distribute their services in additional states in coming years. Westwood & Institute Of Directors (2002) asserts that before a company implements expansion plans, it should first of all determine the size of each market as well as money spent on the available services, which will help forecast profits and sales in those businesses. One should also write down business key competitors, in addition to, their weaknesses and strengths. This will help World Water services have an opportunity to match their own strong and weak points. Service and product planning are a cornerstone of any business. World water services should therefore, decide if it should introduce new services, and features in the coming year or after five years. However, before introducing the service in the market, the company should test the new services through customer surveys and focus groups. For example, in such a case, World Water services can conduct a phone survey in order to determine how many customers will be willing to test their new services and how they are going to distribute it. This will help identify key advantages of one’s services and products over competitive products (McDonald, 2011). Promotional plans in such a case become an important factor that World Water services can consider. For example, it should outline various effective promotional plans that it will use in order to reach its customers. For example, for a tour company, it can consider using coupons as one of the advertising medium that will help allocate a large portion of the advertisin g budget in the marketing plan. Coupons magazines for example, can be predominant advertising medium for world water services (Westwood & Institute Of Directors, 2002). When World Water Services include market analysis, service and promotional plan, it will definitely be successful. This is because it will have all the relevant information that it needs in the future. Additionally, it will be easy to follow the above-explained steps and focus on the direction and market planning process. For example, by identifying its market competitors, it will be able to determine and realize its weak and strong points, and as a result, come up with new strategies of offering their services (Debelak, 2000). Some of the three approaches that are used to develop a sales

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Modern Japan and Meiji Restoration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Modern Japan and Meiji Restoration - Essay Example The Charter Oath, which was promulgated made very democratic and great pledges that would see Japan people being involved in decision making regardless of their social status as well as embracing the natural law of nature. This was a very important step made by the Meiji in transforming Japan people and putting them ready for new improved Japan (Goto-Jones 42-46). Privileges introduced were absolutely different and were meant to propel Japan into a civilized system of governance. Meiji Restoration was driven by the need to create a very powerful nation with strong political structures that could not be humiliated by the Western powers simply because their system of governance was exotic compared to the Westerners’. The new administration wanted the Western powers to respect Japan and treat them as equal partners and as a way of reducing humiliation brought about by unequal treaties. Influence on demands of foreign powers was imminent in Japan and therefore it was significant for japan to institute strong legal and political system (Goto-Jones 42-46). Indeed, the new government fought tirelessly to stop cultural imperialism that was imposed by the Western powers and in the end, treaties were renegotiated after riots and protests in Japan. Japan now had a formal constitution that governed them and there was evidence of imperial power in Japan. They even managed to organize a civilized military power, which was used in defeating powerful China (Goto-Jones 42-46). Generally, the reforms in Japan during Meiji Restoration were as a result of both domestic and international pressures. The regime was pressurized to form their own state because of the powerful foreign forces, which they were not pleased with. Yes, there was need to remain an independent state and this was even part of the Tokugawa project. Traditional Japanese injustices and the

Monday, September 23, 2019

The Merchants Tale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Merchants Tale - Essay Example He is upset that such a beautiful young woman married an old fellow. As they returned to their home, January apologized in advance for the sexual exploits he would act on her. After the customary four days, May joins January at the banquet table and it is at this point that he notices Damien’s absence and is informed he is ill. He sends May to visit him on his behalf, during the visit, Damien hands a letter to May declaring his love for her and in return she reciprocates by writing to him about her love towards him. However, January’s happiness does not last for long as he loses his eyesight, this result to him relying on May for assistance, something that Damien is not happy about. May signals to Damien to January’s secret garden. She displayed a lusty appetite for fruits and led January to the garden where she asked him to bend over and let her stand on his back as she climbed a tree to get pear. She climbed up where she met Damien and they had sex. Suddenly, J anuary’s eyesight was restored and saw May and Damien having sex and he was filled with rage. May convinced January that his sight was weak and the brightness affected his sight such that he saw certain things strangely. She jumped from the tree and January embraced her. According to the merchant, the theme of marriage can be described from two fronts in this tale: marriage as a state of holy matrimony, a means to secure an heir, he demonstrates a wife who has good qualities and how they support each other during instances of need. However, he also reflects his bitterness towards marriage as he is unhappy and has only been married for two months. Due to May’s infidelity, the reader may conclude that January is a foolish husband, May, a slut and Damien a

Sunday, September 22, 2019

The Information Age 1960-Present Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Information Age 1960-Present - Essay Example The start of the information age began in 1962 by the invention of the first communications satellite called Telstar by Bell Laboratories. This satellite was deployed into space using a Thor-Delta rocket and was the first satellite to successfully relay the first television pictures, fax images, and telephone calls. The ability to transmit images via satellite allows for the sharing of art throughout the world and at a very first rate. This later led to the development of the Internet in 1968 by the US Army. A vital component that led to the development of the Internet was the invention of the computer. The advent of the packet-switching network is what led to the birth of the Internet. Packet switched network called ARPANET especially led to the development of procedures for internetworking in which several detached networks could be linked together. The Internet contains all the information one would like to know about art. Furthermore, it acts as a storage of images of art which individuals can enjoy without seeing the actual art. The Introduction of Fiber Optic communications occurred in 1970 and it was invented by Robert Lauren, Donald Kreck, and Peter Schultz. This fibre is a strand of silica based glass, and its dimensions are similar to human hair, surrounded by a transparent shield. Light is able to be transmitted through the fibre over long distances at a very high rate so as to transport information. The invention of the Compact Disk was in 1987 by a scientist called James T. Russell. The CD as it is commonly known is an optical disc used for the storage of digital information. This was originally developed for the storage of music and later evolved for the storage of even films. The invention of the Microprocessor was done by Marcain Hoff in 1971. This integrated chip greatly improved the use of transistors, however, it could only perform the function it was originally programmed

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Big Drive Auto Essay Example for Free

Big Drive Auto Essay With the current hard economic times, there is a need to implement the new alternatives that are there for Big Drive. The main aim of all these is to increase sales while at the same time they decrease the expenses that will be incurred. Some steps needs consideration while implementing these new alternatives. It is clear that the company will be involved with production of completely new product owing to the fact that the customers now need electric car. The company should first comply with the government requirement of production of electric car. They should then renovate the factories so that they can be in a position to produce the new breed of cars. Later on when the company is stable in the market, it can try to produce cars according to customer’s specification. (Arthur, S. Sheffrin, M. , 2003) It is also clear that the labor or the job market has reduced by thirty percent. This means that there is no longer available labor and for the company to survive, it must adopt to new labor methods. Fortunately, for the company, the line of production allows mechanized type of labor. The company should therefore modify the plan so that it can adapt to the use of the new technology. It can use machines in places where it previously used human labor and this will be able to cover up on the labor shortage. It is also clear that the number of dealership as seriously decreased. This means that the company must be prepared to have a good relationship with the current dealerships that are in the market. The company may also decide to look for new alliances with new dealers especially the ones who are entering the market, as they are more likely to accept such alliances. (Arthur, S. Sheffrin, M. , 2003) These three options happen to be serious non-pricing barriers to entry in this market. For the company to survive, it must be prepared to try to adapt to the new technology as much as possible. It would be recommendable for the company to set aside more resources so as to modernize the plant to produce the type of cars the customer wants and at the same time be able to penetrate the market as much as possible using the available dealers and the new and upcoming ones. ? References Arthur, S. Sheffrin, M. . (2003). Economics: Principles in Action. New Jersey: Upper Saddle River.

Friday, September 20, 2019

ECG and Pulse Oximetry: History and Types

ECG and Pulse Oximetry: History and Types In this chapter, we will discuss the history of ECG and pulse oximetry, the timeline and variations through time of the concepts used. We all also discuss the types of pulse oximetry and the electronics used with their requirements. 1.1 History of ECG The history of ECG is very wide, dating back to the 1600 with William Gilbert (that introduced the electrica concept for objects holding static electricity) (1).The most important founders of the electrocardiogram concept were Emil Reymond and Willem Einthoven. In 1843, Emil Reymond was the founder of the electrocardiograph concept by using a galvanometer to state that muscular contraction has action potentials. He also identified the types of waves by using the P, Q, R, and S waves. His studies inspired many physicians to continue and develop his work further. The evolution of concepts continued until the discovery of P, Q, R, S and T waves by Willem Einthoven in 1895. Einthoven also invented a modified galvanometer and used in for electrocardiogram recording. As a reward for his work, he won a Noble price in 1924 for inventing the electrocardiograph (1). As stated before, the history of ECG is very wide, therefore we will limit the observation to the movement done between 1843 and 1942 as shown in the following table: Table 1: ECG Timeline Year Scientist Concept 1842 Carlo Matteucci heart beat is accompanied by electric current 1843 Emil Dubois-Reymond Muscular contraction is accompanied by action potential. Test carlos concept on animals successfully 1856 Koelliker , Muller Record of the action potential concept 1869 Alexander Muirhead Might have recorded a human electrocardiogram 1872 Gabriel Lippmann Capillary Electrometer invented 1876 Marey EJ Electrical activity of animal recorded by the electrometer 1878 John Sanderson , Frederick Page Electrical current of the heart is recorded Divide into two phases (later known as QRS and T) 1887 Augustus Waller First human electrocardiogram is published 1890 GJ Burch Arithmetic correction of the electrometer 1891 William Bayliss , Edward Starling Capillary electrometer improved Discovery of deflections (later known as P,QRS,T) and delay (later know as PR interval) 1893 Willem Einthoven The term electrocardiogram introduced 1895 Deflections P,Q,R,S and T distinguished 1897 Clement Ader Galvanometer invented( Amplification system for the lines of telegraph ) 1901 Willem Einthoven Galvanometer modified for ECG use 1902 ECG records using galvanometer published 1903 Commercial production of galvanometer discussed 1905 Telecardigram invented (transmission of ECG signal by telephone) 1906 Normal and abnormal ECG record published Introduction of the U wave 1908 Edward Schafer First purchase of Einthovens galvanometer 1910 Walter James, Horatio Williams Electrocardiography reviewed for the first time in America 1911 Thomas Lewis Publication of a book about heart beat mechanism 1912 Willem Einthoven Description of the Einthoven triangle (formed for the leads) 1920 Hubert Mann Derivation of mono-cardiogram (later known as vector-cardiogram) 1924 Willem Einthoven Nobel price won for the electrocardiograph invention 1928 Ernstine, Levine Introduction of vacuum-tubes for ECG amplification Frank Sanborn First portable ECG invented 1932 Charles Wolferth and Francis Wood Description of the chest leads use in the coronary occlusion 1938 American heart and cardiac British association Standard positions of chest leads defined and added (V1 to V6) 1942 Emanuel Goldberge Addition of aVR, aVL and AVF to previous model Final ECG model used today 1.2: History of pulse oximetry The revolutionary paper by Comroe and Botelho was the founder movement that stated the need for a better method for the detection of hypoxaemia later known as pulse oximetry. The paper clearly underlined the unreliability of the cyanosis method currently used for the detection of arterial hypoxaemia. This was done by showing that if the oxygen saturation is reduced to 75% the cyanosis could not be detected. Another paper written by Lundsgaard and Van Slyke enhanced the movement. The paper showed the factors that enhance the cyanosis such as 5mg reduced hemoglobin per 100 ml capillary blood. The paper also showed that the subject, environmental factors and the tester affects greatly the detection of cyanosis. As a result, many type of instrumentation were developed to detect the presence of hypoxaemia. However, these devices were inaccurate due to the inability to detect the difference between arterial oxygen saturation and the arterial venous and capillary blood. This separation rema ins a problem until the microprocessor era where the separation was finally realizable. Pulse oximetry started as a simple monitoring technique and evolved through 15 years to become mandatory with every anaesthetic. It has the ability to detect the difference between arterial blood and venous capillary blood due to the pulsatile characteristics of the arterial blood and the smooth flowing of the capillary blood. The pulse oximetry became mandatory in anaesthetic due to the many characteristic such as: having a safety monitor showing the amount of oxygenation in the patient and the circulation of the blood having an non-invasive nature having no morbidity low running cost low capital cost On the other hand, pulse oximetry has been imposed to some unjust criticism as in the case of any new technology. As a result, pulse oximetry has been accused of morbidity despite being a non-invasive technique; it has been accused of causing tissue damage to the tissues adjacent to the probe. As a result, the Medical Devices Agency in England issued a safety action bulletin that contained a historical background, mode of operation, calibration problems, the characteristics of clinical uses and the technique limitation. 1.2.1 Hewlett-Packard ear oximeter Johann Heinrich Lambert was the founder of the correlation that exists between the absorbant and the amount of light absorbed in 1760. His ideas were developed later on by August Beer in 1851. However, the first real adoption of pulse oximetry was the ear oximeter founded by Hewlett-Packard. The concept used in this oximeter is based on an incandescent source combined with narrowband interference filters to transmit eight different wavelengths. Fiberoptics are used to lead the transmitted light from pinna to the detector. The calculation of the arterial oxygen saturation is based on the eight wavelengths absorption. In order to approximate the arterial saturation .this calculation is based on an approximation of overall absorption. The ear is heated causing vasodilation and the capillary blow flow to increase. That phenomenon leads to the approximation of the arterial saturation. The main problem of the device was the constant need for calibration due to the large and hard to handle probe-head. However, this technique was the only technique that allows continuous measurement of oxygen saturation; therefore this technique was the founder of pulse oximetry 1.2.2 Prototype pulse oximeter The founder configuration of pulse oximeter or the prototype used a light source and two bundles of fibers. The light source is made of halogen incandescent lamp to transmit the broad band energy to a fingertip probe. This transmission was done using a glass fiber bundle. Another bundle of fibers were used to return the transmitted energy to the apparatus. This returning energy is divided into two paths at the apparatus: one passing through a 650nm centered filter interface having a narrow bandwidth, and the second path passing through an 805 nm centered filter centered, that point is isopiestic hemoglobin. Then, a semiconductor sensor is used to detect the appropriate energy at the wavelengths passed through each filter. Finally, an analogue calculation is used to find the appropriate value of the oxygen saturation. This is clearly shown in the figure bellow. This primary prototype had many disadvantages such as: Having a heavy probe Having an hard to manage Fiberoptics cable Having an inaccurate filters letting some undesired wavelengths to pass through the tissues of the fingers Having a biohazard on the finger, in some cases the finger could burn Not fully respecting the beer-Lambert law Insensitivity with low pulse pressure Having a tendency to change in the analogue electronics part 1.2.3 Traditional pulse oximeter The current pulse oximeter uses light emitting diodes with a semiconductor photo detector to generate two wavelengths of 660 nm and 940 nm. Therefore this design provides a small and efficient probe to be attached to the ear or the finger and a small cable to connect the probe and the main unit. However, the pulse oximeter used with a magnetic resonance scanner has a different design. The main unit contains all the electronic components and optical fibers are used to transmit the light energy to and from the patient 1.2.4 Complete history of pulse oximetry BeerLambert law in 1851 Discovery of oxygen carrier in blood as a form of pigment by Georg Gabriel Stokes in 1864 Purification of the pigment and naming it hemoglobin by Felix Hoppe in 1864 Detailed study of the reflection spectra of the hemoglobin and the finger by Karl von Veirordt in 1876 Detailed study of the absorption spectra by Carl Gustav Hufner in 188790 Measure of the oxygen saturation in fish using spectroscopy by August Krough and I Leicht in 1919 Study of the light transmitted throughout human tissues using quantitative spectrophotometry by Ludwig Nicolai in 1931 Measurement of the oxygen saturation of blood through laboratory tubes Kurt Kramer in 1934 Measurement of the spectrum of concentrated hemolysed and non-hemolysed blood by David Drabkin and James Harold Austin in 1935 Continuous monitoring of oxygenation is achieved by passing red and infrared light throughout the finger web by JR Squires in 1940. This was done by creating bloodless area of calibration by compression of tissues Revolutionary change in the concept of oximeter leading to the development of the Millikan oximeter by Glen Alan Millikan in 1940-42 Creation of Woods ear oximeter by Earl Wood in 194850 Ability to differentiate between hemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin by the creation of CO-oximeter in 1960 Creation of the ear oximeter having eight wavelengths by Robert Shaw in 1964 Marketing of the newly created ear oximeter by Hewlett-Packard in 1970 Separation of the arteries absorption from the tissues absorption using the pulsatile nature of the absorption signal by Takuo Aoyagi in 1971 Development of prototype pulse oximeter containing luminous light source , filters and analogue electronics by Aoyagi in 1974 Commercialization of the pulse oximeter in 1975 Chapter II: Pulse Oximetry Characteristics The pulse oximeter separates the variation of oxygenation absorbance of the human boundary. The pulse oximeter uses the reflection from the skin and tissues or the transmission through the human boundary to perform spectrophotometry. The most common used technique is the transmission technique, but the reflection technique is also used in intrapartum monitoring. 2.1 Transmission pulse oximetry The human parts that must be chosen as extremity are the earlobe, toe, noise or typically the finger. The chosen part should have a short optical path length to have a translucent nature at the wavelengths used. The wavelengths used should have the range of 600 nm to 1300 nm and in the same range of the absorption spectrum due to the fact that each spices of hemoglobin have a unique absorption as shown in the figure bellow. As a result from the formulas we can show that the minimum number of used wavelengths should be greater or equal to the number of unknowns. As a result the commonly used pulse oximetry uses two wavelengths for the two unknowns oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated hemoglobin. In addition, the wavelengths used must be monochromatic and have a low cost. In the design, a sensitive detector must be used to prevent high levels energy that causes tissue damage from passing through. Thus, there is a need to separate the saturation value for arterial hemoglobin. In order to separate the saturation, computing power is used for arterial hemoglobin saturation extraction. In addition to that, spectrophotometry requires the use of a laser due to the requirement of a single wavelength/color source as energy source. Therefore two lasers are used each having a different wavelength in order to transmit the energy to the patient boundary using optical fibers. Due to the presence of the laser, the pulse oximetry will have a high cost, a fragile nature and requires safety implications. However, the fiber optic cables were rejected in the later designs after the discovery of the possibility of the use of LED as an energy source. As a result, the overheating of the tissues problem was removed and the narrowband filters were removed from the design thus reducing the cost and fragility of the design. In addition, the number of photodector was reduced to a single device due to the possibility of switching the LEDs on and off quickly. 2.2 LEDs Energy sources used in pulse oximetry are monochromatic ideally with the option of using the expensive semiconductor lasers. Early pulse oximeter used similar wavelengths of 660 nm for red light and 940 nm for near infrared. Therefore, LEDs of 660nm and 940 nm were used in these designs. However, modern devices used additional wavelengths. Doped Material Wavelength Light Ga.28In.72As.6P.4 1250 nm Infrared Ga 1100 nm GaAsSi 940 nm GaAs 900 nm GaAIAs 880 nm GaAIAs 810 nm Near Infrared GaP:ZnO GaAs.6P.4 780 to 622 nm Red GaAs.35P.65 622 to 597 nm Orange GaAs.14P.86 597 to 577 nm Yellow GaP:N 755 to 492 nm Green GaAs-phosphor (ZnS, SiC) 492 to 455 nm Blue GaN 455 to 390 nm Violet GaN GaS2 455 to 350 nm Ultraviolet Standard pulse oximetry have the isobestic point (805 nm) at which there are two wavelength concentrated at each side. As stated earlier, two wavelengths of 940 nm (infrared) and 660nm. The absorption spectra are flat at 940nm allowing the calibration to be immune to the variations in the peak wavelength. In addition to that, the difference between the absorption of reduced hemoglobin and the absorption of oxygenated hemoglobin at 660nm is large ,causing a flat curve and allowing the detection of changes in absorption caused by small changes in oxygen saturation . 2.3 Probe The probe of a pulse oximeter consists of light emitting diodes as energy source having a perpendicular output through the extremity towards a semiconductor photo-detector. The mechanical design prevent mispositioning that cause errors in calibration 2.3.1 Differential Amplifiers in the probe Nowadays differential amplifier techniques are being used in the plethysmograph signal to enhance the common mode electrical and magnetic noise reduction. The amplification is done between the conductor signal and the current pathway. This amplification is performed to prevent the electromagnetic interference (EMI) from affecting the probe or the lead. Due to the fact that, a small voltage signal cause the voltage generated by the EMI to be greater than the signal itself. Two identical conductors from the detector to an amplifier are feed through the differential amplifier. The resulting output will be the absolute value of the signal from conductor 1 minus the signal from conductor 2. The advantage of using such a differential amplifier is that the induced voltage from the EMI will be two identical signals that will cancel each others. The energy output of the photo detector must be immune to the variation in the fingers thickness, leading to a variable energy output from the LEDs. This criterion requires detectable and unsaturated energy levels that reach the semiconductor. In the other hand, the current passing through the LED must be varied to allow the variation in the intensity of the output over several orders of magnitude. This variation is necessary to prevent high level of energy from passing through the tissues, causing heat damage. 2.3.2 LED in the probe LED used in pulse oximetry have a bandwidth between 10 and 50 nm and a 15 nm centre wavelengths variation. On the other hand, variations in the driving current cause errors at the red LED but doesnt have any effect on the near infrared LED. These facts are related to the absorption spectra; it is flat near infrared region and steep in near the red region as shown in figure 3. This will lead to an increasing inaccuracy in pulse oximeter as the oxygen saturation decreases. This problem can be solved by two different ways: 1. Selection of LED having an acceptable range of errors in the center wavelengths. 2. Measurement and calibration of center wavelengths into actual wavelength The calibration is usually performed by the use of a fixed resistor attached to the connector of the probe lead. This resistor will automatically set the probes wavelength to the one of the red LED. 2.4 Photo-detector In pulse oximetry, a single photo-detector made of silicon photodiode is positioned perpendicularly to the LED in order to detect the energy from both LEDs. Due to the fact that semiconductors are sensitive to external energy and light, general semiconductors have their size increased. However, Semiconductor photo-detectors having their sensitivity varying with wavelength, take advantage of the limited photosensitivity to limits the choice of device and the scope of wavelengths. The silicon photodiode is characterized by the direct correlation between the output and the incident light and its wide dynamic range. On the other hand, phototransistors have more electrical noise, but more sensitivity than photodiodes. The electrically screened flexible cable carries the LEDs power and the small signal from the photo-detector. The cables also have the function of temperature detection of the probe and the skin using conductors. Finally, in order to be immune to the mechanical artifacts caused by movement, the cable must be flexible and light. 2.5 Electronics 2.5.1 Electronics circuitry Pulse oximetry makes use of different electronics circuitry for different purposes: Amplifies the signal coming from the photo detector Separates the plethysmograph signals into red signals and infrared signals. Switching and controlling the current of the LED. Setting the gain of the signals to be equivalent to the other signal Divide the signal into arterial signal and other signals Convert the infrared signals and the red signals into digital signals using AD conversion. Computation of the ratio red to infrared. Eliminates artifacts Compute the value of oxygen saturation Display of the computed values Managing the alarms settings The absorption of energy from the LED to the photo-detector creates the signal in the red and the infrared channels. This absorption is the assembly of different absorptions from various sources such as arterial blood and its pulsation, venous blood and tissues. The initial amplification stage is implemented by analog electronics, whereas calculation of spo2 stage is implemented with a microprocessor, the photo-detector signal is treated by electronics or microprocessors. The output signal from the analog part is processed by an ADC to be suitable for the digital part or the microprocessor. 2.5.2 Amplification stage The amplification is processed in different stages: The low amplitude photo-detector signal is amplified. The LEDs are energized in an alternating sequence with a short delay in between to allow the measurement of external light. The amplified signal is decomposed into three signals: red, infrared, and dark signal. The electronic filters remove the 1 KHz high-frequency switching, making the signal continuous and having different wavelength. The dark signal is subtracted from the DC levels to prevent problems from the energy source. The DC components of the infrared signal is equalized to the DC components of the red signal by changing the amplitude of a photo-plethysmograph signal . The red to infrared ratio is calculated from the amplitudes of the AC components. 2.5.3 Conventional Spo2 calculation methods Earlier pulse oximetry used one of two methods to calculate the spo2 values. The first method is solving simultaneous BeerLambert law equations. However, this method have many limitations such as one unknown, absence of scattering and turbidity, and the need for the path length to be constant. Due to the many limitations, this method is considered inaccurate and therefore rejected. The second and common method uses the red to infrared ration with a look up table to find the spo2 values. The thickness and size of the finger varies from one person to another, thus the optical density will also vary from one patient to another. However, the saturation of the semiconductor does not depend on the characteristics of the patient but only on the intensity of light. In order to have the same saturation, the same amount of light is applied to the patient regardless of the size and age. This can cause serious heat damage for children. The prevention of this problem is another microprocessors role. The microprocessor implements a correction factor that controls the LED current and synchronizes the LEDs intensities. The resulting current should be the minimum amount of light energy allowing the calculation of pulse oximetry while not damaging the tissue 2.6 Elimination of artifacts The intact calculated saturation values include the real values with some invalid values created by artifacts. Therefore, statistical averaging methods are used in order to remove these artifacts 2.6.1 Mechanical movement artifacts The mechanical movement artifacts are processed with the Nellcor algorithm. The Nellcor algorithm consists of the following steps: Divide the output signal from the differential amplification stage into pulses. Check the pulses for motion artifacts If the pulses do not contain motion artifacts, compare the identified pulse to the normal pulse. If the pulse contains motion artifacts, higher standards for the quality of the light motion signal are applied. The resulting pulse should be compared to the normal pulse If the pulse is not identical to the normal pulse, that pulse is rejected If the pulse is identical to the normal pulse, check if characteristics of the indentified pulse are physiologically possible If the characteristics of the identified pulse are not physiologically possible , that pulse is rejected If the characteristics of the identified pulse are physiologically possible, the pulse is compared to the average of the preceding pulses If the pulse is not equal to the average of the preceding pulses, that pulse is rejected If the pulse is equal to the average of the preceding pulses, the pulse is divided at dicrotic notch . Then the whole pulse or the main component is selected for the calculation. Then, a filter based on confidence assessment is implemented Finally, the SpO2 value is calculated